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 栏目类别:知识点 >> 高中 >> 英语

关系代词

更新时间:2016/7/20 12:41:00  手机版

  关系代词的概念:

  英语中的关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which, 它们是用来引导定语从句的。关系代词既代表定语从句所修饰的词,又在其所引导的从句中承担一个成分,如主语、宾语、表语、或定语。

  如:This is the man who saved your son. (who在从句中作主语,先行词是man)

  The man whom I met yesterday is Jim.

  A child whose parents are dead is an orphan.

  He wants a room whose window looks out over the sea.

  关系代词用法:

  1、that与which的用法区别:

  两者都可指物,常可互换。其区别主要在于:

  (1)引导非限制性定语从句时,通常要用which:

  如:She received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise. 她收到了老板的邀请,这是她意想不到的。

  (2)直接放在介词后作宾语时,通常要用which:

  如:The tool with which he is working is called a hammer. 他干活用的那个工具叫做锤子。

  (3)当先行词是下列不定代词或被它们修饰时much, little, none, all, few, every(thing), any(thing), no(thing)等时,通常用that:

  如:There was little that the enemy could do but surrender. 敌人无法,只有投降了。

  All[Everything] that can be done must be done. 凡能做的事都必须做。

  (4)当先行词有the very, the only, the same等修饰时,通常用that:

  如:This is the only example that I know. 我知道的例子只有这一个。

  Those are the very words that he used. 那是他的原话。

  (5)当先行词有形容词最高级或序数词(包括last, next等)等修饰时,通常用that:

  如:This is the best dictionary that I've ever used. 这是我用过的最好的词典。

  The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你应该做的第一件事是订个计划。

  (6)当关系代词在定语从句中用作表语时,通常用that:

  如:China is not the country(that) it was. 中国已不是过去的中国了。

  (7)当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时,通常用that:

  如:They talked about the persons and things that most impressed them. 他们谈论了使他们印象最深的人和事。

  (8)当要避免重复时:

  如:Which is the course that we are to take? 我们选哪门课程?

  2、that与who的用法区别:

  (1)两者均可指人,有时可互换:

  如:All that[who] heard him were delighted. 所有听了他讲话的人都很高兴。

  Have you met anybody that[who] has been to Paris? 你遇见过到过巴黎的人吗?

  He is the only one among us that[who] knows Russian. 他是我们中间唯一懂俄语的人。

  (2)但是在下列情况,通常要用that:

  ①当先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时:

  如:I made a speech on the men and things that I had seen abroad. 我就我在国外所见到的人和事作了报告。

  ②当先行词是who时(为避免重复):

  如:Who was it that won the World Cup in1982? 谁赢得了1982年的世界杯?

  ③当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时(可省略):

  如:Tom is not the boy(that) he was. 汤姆这孩子已不是以前那个样子了。

  关系代词知识体系:

  关系代词用法拓展:

  1、as与which的用法区别:

  (1)引导限制性定语从句时,在such,as,thesame后只能用as,其他情况用which:

  如:I never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲那样的故事。

  It's the same story as I heard yesterday. 这故事跟我昨天听到的一样。

  This is the photo which shows my house. 这张照片拍的是我的住宅。

  (2)引导非限制性定语从句时,有时两者可互换:

  如:I live a long way from work, as [which] you know. 我住得离工作单位很远,这你是知道的。

  (3)但在,在以下情况引导非限制性定语从句时,两者不可换用:

  ①当从句位于主句前面时,只用as:

  如:As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 月球每月绕地球转一周,这是每个人都清楚的。

  ②as引导的非限制性定语从句应与主句在意义上和谐一致,which无此限制:

  如:He went abroad, as[which] was expected. 他出国了,这是大家预料到的。

  He went abroad, which was unexpected. 他出国了,这让大家感到很意外。(不用as)

  ③as引导非限制性定语从句时,先行词通常不能是主句中某个具体的词,而应是整个句子、整个短语或某个短语推断出来的概念,而which则无此限制:

  如:The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames. 这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用as)

  ④当as引导非限制性定语从句作主语时,其谓语通常应是连系动词,而不宜是其他动词,而which则无此限制:

  如:She has married again, as[which] seemed natural. 她又结婚了,这似乎很自常。

  She has married again, which delighted us.她又结婚了,这使我们很高兴。(不用as)

  2、who与whom的用法区别:

  两者均只用于人,从理论上说,who为主格,whom为宾格:

  如:Where's the girl who sells the tickets? 卖票的女孩在哪里?

  The author whom you criticized in your view has written a letter in reply. 你在评论中批评的那个作者已写了一封回信。

  但实际上,除非在正式文体中,宾格关系代词whom往往省略不用,或用who或that代之:

  如:The man(that, who, whom) you met just now is called Jim. 你刚遇见的那个人叫吉姆。

  不过,在以下几种情况值得注意:

  (1)直接跟在介词后面作宾语时,只能用whom,而且不能省略:

  如:She brought with her three friends, none of whom I had ever met before. 她带了3个朋友来,我以前都没见过。

  (2)引导非限制性定语从句且作宾语时,who和whom均可用,但以用whom为佳,此时也不能省略:

  如:This is Jack, who[whom] you haven't met before. 这是杰克,你以前没见过。

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